This paper is an attempt to test the existence of Wagner’s Law in Pakistan. In this connection the Johansen and Juselius (1990) Cointegration approach has been used to test the long-run relationship between government expenditures and its determinants for Pakistan. Short-run dynamics are estimated by using the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM), various diagnostics and the stability tests are use...

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’deki enerji tüketimi ve küreselleşme arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkiyi 1987-2018 dönemi için araştırmaktır. bağlamda Johansen Juselius (1990) tarafından geliştirilen eşbütünleşme testine başvurulmaktadır. Değişkenler ilişki kısa dönem VECM'ye bağlı Granger nedensellik ile sınanmaktadır. Uzun katsayıları ise Dinamik En Küçük Kareler (DOLS) Modifiye Edilmiş Sıradan Yönt...

in this paper, we present some inequalities for the co-pi index involving the some topological indices, the number of vertices and edges, and the maximum degree. after that, we give a result for trees. in addition, we give some inequalities for the largest eigenvalue of the co-pi matrix of g.

in this paper, we introduce the notion of primal strong co-ideals and give some results involving them. it is shown thatsubtractive strong co-ideals are intersection of all primal strong co-ideals that contain them. also we prove that the representation of strong co-ideals as reduced intersections of primal strong co-ideals is unique.

in this paper, the importance of environmental degradation costs in national accounts is discussed, empirical studies having been considered by politician and economic planners before. the importance of a determination of relationship between economic growth vs. openness to trade is also discussed. the main objective followed in an investigation of the relationship between trade openness, green...

Monetarist görüş enflasyonu parasal bir olgu olarak görmektedir. Bu bağlamda, enflasyonun para arzındaki aşırı artıştan kaynaklandığı ileri sürülmektedir. Yarattığı belirsizlik ortamıyla enflasyon, başta ekonomik büyüme olmak üzere ekonomiyi çeşitli kanallar aracılığıyla olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Yüksek ekonomide meydana getirdiği etkilerdin birisi enflasyon oynaklığıdır. Enflasyon oynaklığı...

This study aims to investigate whether money supply behaviour in Egypt is exogenously or endogenously determined using data from 2004 2019. It identify the determinants of and most important tools used by central bank manage it. The employs Johansen-Juselius test (1990) examine long-run error correction model short-run determinants. We conclude that real GDP, discount rate, budget deficit, net ...

the main objective of this paper is to study the relationship between the energy consumption (energy use intensity), economic growth, and co2 emission in iran. to that end, we use time series data of iran during 1967–2004. in order to examine the long-run relationship among these variables, the johanson-juselius cointegration method is used along with vecm. the main finding of this study shows ...

we introduce and  study  fuzzy (co-)inner product and fuzzy(co-)norm of hyperspaces. in this regard by considering  the notionof hyperspaces, as a generalization of vector spaces, first we willintroduce the notion of fuzzy (co-)inner product in hyperspaces and will apply it to formulate the notions offuzzy (co-)norm and fuzzy (co-)orthogonality  in hyperspaces. inparticular, we will prove that ...