the main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of social capital in the motivation of students for job creation. the statistical population of this study included all students of islamic azad university of karaj (n=3200) that 178 cases of these students were selected as research samples according to the cochran formula. data were collected by using a regulated questionnaire whose co...

Black-owned businesses tend to operate with less finance and employ fewer workers than those owned by Whites. Motivated a simple conceptual framework, we document these facts show they are causally connected using large firm-level surveys linked universal employer data from the Census Bureau. We find that racial financing gap is most pronounced at start-up tends narrow firm age. At any age, fir...

We use search and bargaining theory to develop an empirically tractable specification of the job creation curve and to derive an instrumental variable strategy to estimate and test its validity. We estimate the job creation curve using city-level observations for 1970-2007. We find that U.S. city-industry level labor market outcomes conform well to restrictions implied by search and bargaining ...

At least since Friedman's (1968) American Economic Association Presidential address, macro and labor economists have recognized that a certain level of unemployment is a "natural" consequence of dynamic friction that accompanies the process by which workers are allocated and reallocated among employment opportunities. Friedman (1 968) summarizes his famous definition of the natural rate as foll...