We study two closely related problems: (a) showing that a program transformation is correct and (b) propagating an invariant through a program transformation. The second problem is motivated by an application which utilizes program invariants to improve the quality of compiler optimizations. We show that both problems can be addressed by augmenting a transformation with an auxiliary witness gen...

a. Prosecution Counsel (Mr. W-Kapaya) conducted the examination-in-chief of witness CGB (PW13). He produced the exhibits shown at paragraph 4a and 4b. b. Defence Counsel (Mr. Besnier) cross-examined witness CGB (PW13). He produced the exhibit shown at paragraph 4c and 4d. c. Prosecution Counsel (Mr. W. Kapaya) re-examined witness CGB (PW13). d. Prosecution Counsel (Mr. W. Kapaya) requested from...

The depiction of stones that speak has long been used as a literary and philosophical device to reflect upon the limitations human language (i.e., petrification thought action). Jacques Rancière described stone’s capacity bear witness form “mute speech,” noting how “any stone can also be language,” part “testimony mute things mankind’s activity.” In exploring character this testimony, asking we...

In an influential case (Neil v Biggers, 1972), the U S Supreme Court identified five catena to be considered m judging eyewitness identification evidence The Court's intuitions may need reassessment m light of recent psychological research evidence Especially in need of review is the assumption that eyewitness certainty and eyewitness identification accuracy are usefully related Under a variety...

Estimator variables are factors that can affect the accuracy of eyewitness identifications but that are outside of the control of the criminal justice system. Examples include (1) the duration of exposure to the perpetrator, (2) the passage of time between the crime and the identification (retention interval), (3) the distance between the witness and the perpetrator at the time of the crime. Su...