Birds and mammals exploit interaural time differences (ITDs) for sound localization. Subsequent to ITD detection by brainstem neurons, ITD processing continues in parallel midbrain and forebrain pathways. In the barn owl, both ITD detection and processing in the midbrain are specialized to extract ITDs independent of frequency, which amounts to a pure time delay representation. Recent results h...

Constitutively activating internal tandem duplication (ITD) alterations of the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3) are common in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and classifies FLT3 as an attractive therapeutic target. So far, applications of FLT3 small molecule inhibitors have been investigated primarily in FLT3-ITD+ patients. Only recently, a prolonged event-free survival h...

Activating Flt3 mutations occur in about 30% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), often as in-frame internal tandem duplication (ITD) at the juxtamembrane domain of the receptor. These mutations transform hematopoietic cell lines and primary mouse bone marrow. Here, we analyzed the interaction between oncogenic Flt3-ITD mutations and the Wingless-type (Wnt) signaling pathway in the my...

Auditory space-specific neurons in the owl's inferior colliculus selectively respond to the direction of sound propagation, which is defined by combinations of interaural time (ITD) and level (ILD) differences. Mathematical analyses show that the amplitude of postsynaptic potentials in these neurons is a product of two components that vary with either ITD or ILD. Temporal correlation in the fin...

BACKGROUND The inspiratory impedance threshold device (ITD) has been shown to improve hemodynamic variables and survival outcomes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in animals and humans. We hypothesized that use of an ITD, with a resistance of -10 cm H2O, will improve hemodynamics and short-term survival rates during hypovolemic hypotension in spontaneously breathing pigs. METHODS Female f...

Differential assessment of trunk wounds is a critical element of their effective management. In reviewing the pathology and typical presentation for pressure necrosis, IAD, and ITD, four factors provide guidance in differential assessment: location, depth, characteristics, and exposure. Pressure ulcers are full-thickness lesions located over bony prominences or under medical devices. IAD and IT...

objective(s): mutant forms fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (flt3), are reported in 25% of childhood acute lymphoid leukemia (all) and 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (aml) patients. in this study, drug response, growth promoting, and protein trafficking of flt3 wild-type was compared with two active mutants (internal tandem duplication (itd)) and d835y. materials and methods:flt3 was expressed on fact...

INTRODUCTION Symptoms of orthostatic intolerance, e.g., following prolonged bed rest and microgravity exposure, are associated with reductions in cerebral blood flow. We tested the hypothesis that spontaneously breathing through an impedance threshold device (ITD) would attenuate the fall in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) during a hypotensive orthostatic challenge and reduce the severity o...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The biological characteristics and the prognostic significance of the internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 (FLT3/ITD) were investigated in a series of de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. One hundred and fifty-six adult patients with AML were included in the study. FLT3/ITD was detected in 41 (26%) patients (FLT3/ITD(+)). DESIGN AND METHODS The main diff...

A common genetic alteration in acute myeloid leukemia is the internal tandem duplication (ITD) in FLT3, the receptor for cytokine FLT3 ligand (FLT3L). Constitutively active FLT3-ITD promotes the expansion of transformed progenitors, but also has pleiotropic effects on hematopoiesis. We analyzed the effect of FLT3-ITD on dendritic cells (DCs), which express FLT3 and can be expanded by FLT3L admi...