Abstract The evolutionary process involved the suffering of quadrillions sentient beings over millions years. I argue that when we take this into account, then it is likely first humans appeared, world was already at an enormous axiological deficit, and even on favorable assumptions about humanity, doubtful have overturned deficit or ever will. Even if there’s no such can overturn it, remains c...

W e live in a constantly changing environment. Although some changes are natural and therefore beyond our control, there is no question that many anthropogenic activities have dramatically altered our planet. The ‘‘human footprint’’ is now discernable around the globe, so much so that Crutzen (1) proposed a new geological epoch (the Anthropocene) to delineate the recent human-dominated era of E...