Humans constantly engage in automatic and rapid analysis of spatial scene structure when navigating an environment or searching for objects. This chapter draws on current research from computational, behavioral and neuroscience perspectives aimed at understanding how the human brain perceives, represents, and remembers the shape of space. Space can be described with both structural descriptions...

We developed new measures of structural complexity using single point terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) clouds. These metrics are depth, openness, and isovist. Depth is a three-dimensional, radial measure the visible distance in all directions from plot center. Openness percent scan pulses near-omnidirectional view without return. Isovists measurement area location, quantified viewshed within fo...

Partial isovists fields are useful methods to analyze the urban morphology taking into account the visual perception of the pedestrian. However, as previous studies involve a constant visual aperture angle all along the pathway, this paper presents an adaptative method of aperture angular variation according to urban morphology properties. Aperture angle increasing, nearby a square or at roads ...

Recently, simulation agents (or animats) using an exosomatic visual architecture (EVA) have been shown to correlate well with observed pedestrian movement in both building and urban environments. An EVA uses a grid overlaid on a two-dimensional plan of a system to record the locations visible from the current grid square. The agents are allowed to roam freely in the environment, and lookup visu...

This paper is inspired by a wayfinding study by Hölscher et al. (2005), who find serious wayfinding difficulties in a complex multi-level building and identify architectural properties related to the difficulties. The present study re-analyzes the qualitative results in terms of Space Syntax measures and thus ties them down to formal properties of the architectural structure. The analysis caref...

v1.2, June 21, 2004 While experiential qualities of rectangular architectural spaces can be effectively predicted from properties like room proportions or area (Franz, von der Heyde, & Bülthoff, 2003), these factors from normative architectural knowledge obviously cannot be directly transfered on open-plan indoor spaces. Phenomenologically as well as in empirical aesthetics, nontrivial forms ar...

INTRODUCTION: Rotator cuff tear is one of the common shoulder disorders and surgical repair is very effective for the improvement of shoulder functions. Current surgical technique for rotator cuff tear is an arthroscopical repair or a mini-open repair. Selection of surgical technique should be determined by the appropriate patient’s selection based on the pathology of the rotator cuff tear. Mag...

provided the original work is properly cited. CC It is recognized that because most lumbar disc herniations occur posterior to the vertebrae, inflammation arises primarily in the anterior epidural space at the site of the disc herniation [1]. Therefore, deposition of steroids in the anterior epidural space directly at the site of inflammation has been the preferred treatment [2]. Until recently...