Orientalism, proposed by Edward Said (1995), refers to the network of interlocking discourses about the “orient” constructed in western civilization. The orients, in western conceptions, are stereotypically inflated others drastically different from the collective imagination of the civilized West. Said’s argument was initially focused more on Europe and Islamic Culture, but has been applied to...

The purpose of the article is to analyze peculiarities perception Islamic State Indonesia (1949–1962) in modern Indonesian memorial culture and historical collective memory. It assumed that ideological contradictions methodological difficulties localizing history Islam memory are aggravated by traumas mutual violence mistrust between secular nationalists their opponents. novelty study lies anal...

As an important focus of modern language education, intercultural language learning reflects greater awareness of the inseparability of language and culture and the need for providing the learners with materials concerning teaching intercultural communication to enhance learners’ intercultural competence in an increasingly multicultural world. Proper development of a learners’ understanding of ...

the foundation of most intellectual discourse is western-centric to the exclusion of other views. this includes ideal patterns of social interaction, preference for aesthetic, accepted norms and values, and the concepts of dignity, respectability, morality and ethics. such a position is culturally myopic. western cultural influence colors all of them including moral precepts. the assumption is ...

this article will discuss and define the relationship between culture and politics in the view of imam khomeini (ra) the founder of the islamic republic of iran. examining imam khomeini’s thoughts, this relationship has been defined as fundamental based on the theory of two natures and also on the position of culture and politics. in this outlook, imam or leader primarily builds the cultural fo...