It has recently been demonstrated that intersubject variations in tonic (dark focus) levels of accommodation are related to corrected refractive state (McBrien and Millodot, 1987). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sustained visual tasks on the tonic level of accommodation in different refractive groups. Eleven hyperopes, 16 emmetropes, ten early onset myopes and ten...

Background: Herbs can be toxic and may be even life-threatening. The mixture of different plants and herbs made by traditional healer and their canvassing on the street attract general people. Here, we report four cases of severe herbal poisoning. Case presentation: In 2008, four young people rushed to DMC Hospital in the early morning with a history of taking herbal medicine (tonic) on that ni...

OBJECTIVE The relationship between iron deficiency anemia and febrile convulsions has been examined in several studies with conflicting results. The authors aimed to evaluate the relation, if any, of iron status with first febrile convulsion. METHODS In this case-control study, the authors assessed 200 children with a diagnosis of first febrile convulsion, aged between 6 months and 5 years, d...

Interactions between neurosteroids and GABA receptors have attracted particular attention in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). Although GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)R) mediate a sustained tonic inhibitory current (I(tonic)), as well as conventional phasic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs, I(phasic)) in the SON, whether the steroid modulation on I(tonic) is present in SON magnocelluar neurosecre...

Majoon Halaila is polypharmaceutical preparation of Unani System Medicine given particularly in old age to counter the effects ageing such as greying hair, decreased body strength, memory power, weakness heart etc. It an electuary which prepared especially for people engaged mental work. a compound Halailajat with other ingredients by process Ajin (mixing), semisolid form hence, renamed Halaila...

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a progressive disorder which also presents with various types of seizures, mainly myoclonic jerks, atonic attacks and tonic-clonic seizures. We report two cases, documented by video-EEG that during the course of the disease also presented with tonic seizures. The differential diagnosis of non-epileptic paroxysmal events might prove to be a problem.

Glykys, Joseph and Istvan Mody. Hippocampal network hyperactivity following selective reduction of tonic inhibition in GABAA receptor 5 subunit–deficient mice. J Neurophysiol 95: 2796–2807, 2006. First published February 1, 2006; doi:10.1152/jn.01122.2005. Functionally, -aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAR)–mediated inhibition can be classified as phasic (synaptic) and tonic (extrasynaptic). The ...

Extracellular microelectrode recordings from 148 single cells in the pretectum of the hooded rat were classified according to their temporal response properties to light stimulation of their retinal receptive fields. Fifty-six cells were classified as tonic-on cells, 22 cells were classified as tonic-off cells, and 53 cells were classified as phasic cells. Seventeen cells could not be assigned ...

Tonic inhibitory conductances mediated by GABAA receptors have now been identified and characterized in many different brain regions. Most experimental studies of tonic GABAergic inhibition have been carried out using acute brain slice preparations but tonic currents have been recorded under a variety of different conditions. This diversity of recording conditions is likely to impact upon many ...

The tonic activation of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors by extracellular GABA provides a powerful means of regulating neuronal excitability. A consistent finding from studies that have used various models of temporal lobe epilepsy is that tonic GABAA receptor-mediated conductances are largely preserved in epileptic brain (in contrast to synaptic inhibition which is often reduced). Tonic inhibitio...