There is an increasing concern about the control of customs operations. While globalization incentives the opening of the market, increasing amounts of imports and exports have been used to conceal several illicit activities, such as, tax evasion, smuggling, money laundry, and drug traffic. This fact makes it paramount for governments to find automatic or semi-automatic solutions to guide the c...

From a labour-intensive and paper-based door-keeping function Customs control is aiming now towards international trade facilitation in a way that is both efficient and secure. Digitalization of documents and automation of processes plays an important role in this transition. However, the use of modern technology, in particular SOA, is not yet optimal. The research objective of this paper is to...

With the ongoing globalization an increase in international deliveries of goods goes hand in hand. All goods produced within a customs union and leave this territory, must be transferred to an export procedure associated with a required customs clearance. This is frequently perceived as an obstacle in the export process. According to a United Nations study, an inefficient customs clearance is r...

This paper examines the link between currency unions and customs unions. The size of a bloc of countries practising some form of co-ordination of monetary policy is limited by the incentive to free-ride that formation of the bloc creates. However, when the threat of a trade war is introduced, the stable size of the bloc increases. This suggests that a) large currency areas are more likely to em...

Abstract Iran’s armed forces have made tremendous strides since the decade‐long war with Iraq in 1980s. Tehran’s cultivation of ideologically sympathetic forces, along provision material help, has allowed Iran to project power and influence throughout Middle East. Some policy analysts who study military development are biased lack cultural understanding, contending that republic is driven by un...

.................................................................................................................... ix Sommario .................................................................................................................. xi 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Motivation .............

The EU is currently reshaping its customs legislation and practices. Main pillars in the new vision are an intensive use of IT (Customs becomes e-Customs), partnerships between Customs administrations and businesses, and collaboration between national Customs administrations. These concepts should support coping with the dilemma of on the one hand increasing security, safety, financial and heal...

employee performance appraisal is one of the most powerful tools for measuring various figures in human resource management. this will eventually help employees to recognize their, and their weaknesses. this research investigates the validity of performance appraisal system for the iranian customs department using the singer model. the research method is descriptive and is based on survey study...