Let q ≥ 2 and N ≥ 1 be integers. W. Zhang recently proved that for any fixed ε > 0 and q ≤ N ≤ q1/2−ε , ∑ χ 6=χ0 ∣∣∣∣ N ∑ n=1 χ(n) ∣∣∣∣2|L(1, χ)|2 = (1+ o(1))αq q N , where the sum is taken over all nonprincipal characters χ modulo q, L(1, χ) denotes the L-functions corresponding to χ , and αq = qo(1) is some explicit function of q. Here we improve this result and show that the same asymptotic ...

Beginning in the mid-1980s, the phenomenon of capital flight from developing countries received considerable attention in the economics literature. Capital flight destroys the domestic macroeconomic environment and decreases transparency and accountability. It restricts financial resources when a country is looking for economic growth and development. The purpose of this article is to measure t...

in this paper we investigated effect of economic uncertainty on money demand function of iran during(1352-1386). at first by using a general equilibrium theory it is shown that in spite of the existence of economic uncertainties, most of agents who are risk-averse consider these uncertainties when constitute their port folio. they consider money demand is a function of income, interest rate and...

this paper identifies characteristics of business cycles in iran, applying hodrick-prescott (hp) and band-pass (bp) filters. using seasonal and anual data for 1970-2003, it is found that oil income is the key driving factor of business cycles in the iranian economy. furthermore, it is indicated that iran's economy has experienced seven business cycles during this period, in which the econo...

We give a reformulation of a six-parameter family of coupled Painlevé VI systems with affine Weyl group symmetry of type D (1) 6 . We also study some Hamiltonian structures of this system. 0. Introduction In the present paper, we propose a 6-parameter family of four-dimensional coupled Painlevé VI systems with affine Weyl group symmetry of type D (1) 6 . Our differential system is equivalent to...

Background: Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is an infectious viral disease of chickens. The effective protection of chickens against many different infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants is not achieved unless the circulating genotypes in the region are identified and the cross-protection of the potential of vaccines in use is assessed. Aims:In a monitoring program of IBVs, a new genotype ...

This study uses " Multiple Indicators – Multiple Causes" (MIMIC) approach to model the causal relations between main variables, which determine the underground economy in Iran. we Basically, it examines the relationship between underground and official GDP in Iran, using annual time-series data for Iran during 1965 – 2005. Accordingly, it is found that the estimated size of the underground ...

This paper studies bank loans over the business cycles in Iran to determine the role of Iranian banks in stabilizing credit. By estimating the long-run relations using dynamic OLS and fully modified OLS estimators, the findings show that real bank lending is positively related to real GDP in the long-run providing evidences of the pro-cyclicality of bank lending in Iran. Hence, Iranian banking ...

by the advent and development of information and communication technology (ict), the micro and macro economic variables are changed. in other words, the exclusive characteristics of ict can alter the job framework in a society. this fact will be done in our country, too. because of the importance of the employment issue in iran, a research in about of effect of ict on this variable in iran is s...