The nitrotoluenes failed to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in in vitro cultures of rat hepatocytes. Because intestinal bacteria are known to be involved in the metabolic activation of other nitroaromatic compounds, the genotoxicity of the nitrotoluenes was evaluated using an in vivo-in vitro hepatocyte DNA repair assay. 2-Nitrotoluene (2NT), 3-nitrotoluene, or 4-nitrotoluene was administered ...

This study investigated the responses of low-weight day-old chicks to zinc bacitracin and Bacillus mixture on growth performance, hematology, intestinal selected microbiota populations, and carcass characteristics. A total of 192 unsexed Lohman MB-202 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatment groups of 48 chicks each (6 replicates of 8 chicks) and fed for 35 days. ...

It is thought that the normal enteric microflora acts not only to prevent intestinal colonization but also to prevent subsequent systemic dissemination of ingested, potentially pathogenic bacteria. To determine the relative roles of specific components of the intestinal bacterial flora in bacterial translocation out of the gut, mice were given various antimicrobial agents to selectively elimina...

The lipid and fatty acid compositions in nine obligate and facultative barophilic bacteria isolated from the intestinal contents of seven deep-sea fish were determined. Phospholipid compositions were simple, with phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol predominating in all strains. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), which has not been reported in procaryotes except for deep-sea bact...

The large numbers of human intestinal microorganisms have a highly co-evolved relationship with the immune system. Dysbacteriosis of intestinal microbiota induces alterations of immune responses, and is closely related to disease development. Peyer's patches are immune sensors in intestine which exert essential functions during development of inflammatory disease. However, interactions between ...

The formation and regulation of vertebrate endogenous intestinal microbiota has been widely studied as the microbiota plays a crucial role in the host nutrition, development, and health. Despite the importance of microbiota for host health, it is still unclear whether the endogenous intestinal microorganisms are genetically distinct or whether they are genetically related with each other in dif...

Prior studies have described a morphologically diverse group of intestinal microorganisms associated with surgeonfish. Despite their diversity of form, 16S rRNA gene surveys and fluorescent in situ hybridizations indicate that these bacteria are low-G+C gram-positive bacteria related to Epulopiscium spp. Many of these bacteria exhibit an unusual mode of reproduction, developing multiple offspri...

BACKGROUND The human virome consists of animal-cell viruses causing transient infections, bacteriophage (phage) predators of bacteria and archaea, endogenous retroviruses and viruses causing persistent and latent infections. High-throughput, inexpensive, sensitive sequencing methods and metagenomics now make it possible to study the contribution dsDNA, ssDNA and RNA virus-like particles make to...

Drosophila melanogaster presents itself as a powerful model for studying the somatic stem cells of the gut and how bacteria affect intestinal homeostasis. The Gal4/UAS/Gal80 (ts) system allows for temporally controlled expression of fluorescent proteins, RNAi knock-down, and other genetic constructs targeted to specific cell populations in the midgut. Similarly, FLP/FRT-mediated somatic recombi...