In international law and relations, ownership of territory is significant because sovereignty over land defines what constitutes a state. Additionally, as Machiavelli suggested, territorial acquisition is one of the goals of most states. The benefits of having territory, though, are only as great as a state’s borders are clear, because a state’s boundaries must be well defined for the modern st...

jurisprudence, in its strict sense which is binding, is regarded as one of the important sources of law. this article seeks by relying on some judgments issued by general board of administrative justice court concerning the social security organization summarily investigate some deficiencies in performances of the social security organization and administrative justice court. in short, the enac...

How do disagreements between judges on collegial (multimember) courts affect legal policy? We address this question by developing an account of the nature of judicial disagreements in the case-space model of judicial choice. We distinguish between different types of disagreement, from disagreements about case facts to disagreements about how legal rules should treat varying case facts, and cons...