abstract in the past twenty-five years, the russian government has been faced with widespread corruption and despite many efforts it hasn’t been able to control that. according to transparency international report in 2013, this country was the 127th among 177 countries. this essay tries to analyze the role of administrative oligarchy and continuity of corruption in russia. the main question of ...

This paper assesses the effect of openness on corruption, using foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows as a measure of openness, after trade intensity is accounted for. We use a broad cross section of countries over the period 1970 to 1994 and address the issue of causality with a new set of instrumental variables relying on geographical and cultural distance between the FDI exporting and reci...

OBJECTIVE We discussed the intensity of treadmill running on learning, memory and expression of cell cycle-related proteins in rats with cerebral ischemia. METHOD Eighty healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, intensity I group and intensity II group, with 20 rats in each group. The four-vessel occlusion method of Pulsinelli (4-VO) was used to induce global ...

Background: Opioids have been shown to affect learning and memory processes. Different protocols of morphine withdrawal can substantially vary in their success to prevent opioid induced impairments of cognitive performance. In the present study, we report the effects of single and repetitive ultra-rapid detoxification (URD) on spatial learning and memory in morphine addicted rats. Methods: Morp...

This paper highlights one element that appears to be a major cause of corruption: inadequate public regulation. Based on a simple model of the interplay between the costs of acting in accordance with government regulations for individuals or their organizations, on one side, and the capacities of those individuals or organizations to comply with the regulations, on the other side, a series of r...

Program bugs widely exist and render software faulty and vulnerable. Existing systems for surviving software failures and attacks are mostly like chemotherapy, a cancer therapy that causes severe adverse side effects because of imprecise treatments. We propose Software Targeted Therapy, a new model for surviving software failures and attacks due to program bugs, that characterizes cancer-cells-...

background: alzheimer’s disease was known as a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly and is characterized by dementia and severe neuronal loss in the some regions of brain such as nucleus basalis magnocellularis. it plays an important role in the brain functions such as learning and memory. loss of cholinergic neurons of nucleus basalis magnocellularis by ibotenic acid can commo...

Increasing clinical evidence suggests that regular physical exercise can prevent or reduce the incidence of stress-related psychiatric disorders including depressive symptoms. Antidepressant effect of regular exercise may be implicated in monoaminergic transmission including serotonergic transmission, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and hippocampal neurogenesis, but...

Exercise training produces a vast array of physiological adaptations, ranging from changes in metabolism to muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. Researchers studying the physiological effects of exercise often use animal models that employ forced exercise regimens that include aversive motivation, which could activate the stress response. This study examined the effect of forced treadmill running (...