A concise theoretical treatment is developed for the calculation of mean time, differential pathlength, phase shift, modulation depth and integrated intensity of measurements of light intensity as a function of time on the surface of tissue, resulting from either the input of picosecond light pulses, or radio frequency-modulated light. The treatment uses the Green's function of the diffusion ap...

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Many applications can benefit from the use of pupil filters for controlling the light intensity distribution near the focus of an optical system. Most of the design methods for such filters are based on a second-order expansion of the Point Spread Function (PSF). Here, we present a new procedure for designing radially-symmetric pupil filters. It is more precise than previous procedures as it co...

.................................................................................................................................................... VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................

The Drosophila photoreceptor potential is thought to be composed of discrete unit potentials called bumps. The steady-state receptor potential and the accompanying voltage fluctuations were recorded intracellularly under steady illumination. The occurrence rate, effective amplitude, and duration of the bumps were deduced by assuming a shot noise model. Over a wide range of light intensity, the ...

We model the polarization-dependent photocontractions of polydomain nematic elastomers. Contraction initially arises by light-induced director rotation. At higher light intensity, strain recovers because the local order parameter diminishes. Thus we predict photostrains to be nonmonotonic with light intensity and predict the induction of a negative global order parameter for the system of polyd...

We investigate the sensitivity limit of absorption spectroscopy. An experiment is described in which the decrease in transmitted light intensity that is due to absorption by a single, electromagnetically confined atomic ion is observed.