Proportional + Integral + Derivative (PID) controllers are widely used in engineering applications such that more than half of the industrial controllers are PID controllers. There are many methods for tuning the PID parameters in the literature. In this paper an intelligent technique based on eXtended Classifier System (XCS) is presented to tune the PID controller parameters. The PID controlle...

A PID-deadtime controller is realized by inserting a time delay into the integral feedback circuit. Such a controller possesses a transfer function similar to a Smith predictor or an internal-model controller. Effective tuning of PID deadtime controllers remains unsolved even though they give better regulatory performance than a conventional PID control algorithm for processes with a long pure ...

Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Controller is a primary component in industrial control systems nowadays. Its gain parameters have a powerful effect on its transient response criteria such as integral squared error (ISE), settling time, rise time and overshooting. Tuning gain parameters of PID to reach the optimal transient response of control systems is a hard problem. The standard meth...

In some long term studies, a series of dependent and possibly truncated lifetime data may be observed. Suppose that the lifetimes have a common continuous distribution function F . A popular stochastic measure of the distance between the density function f of the lifetimes and its kernel estimate fn is the integrated square error (ISE). In this paper, we derive a central limit theorem for the i...

Ion-selective electrode analyzers for measuring lithium (Lu ISE) in serum became available in early 1987. We compared results for patients’ samples from three of them vs results from flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES). Within-run and day-to-day imprecision ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 mmol/L and 0.01 to 0.04 mmol/L, respectively. Comparing U/ISE results ( with the FAES results (x) gave the f...

measurement of the values of forces in tractor arms is of great importance due to draft of agricultural equipment. these values can be used for testing and evaluation of the agricultural machinery, selection of suitable tractor, etc. the tools which are used for measurement of the forces are called dynamometer. the main objective of the present study was to design and evaluate a load cell for i...

This paper introduces balanced switching schemes to compensate linear and quadratic gradient errors, in the unary current source array of a current-steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC). A novel algorithm is proposed to avoid the accumulation of gradient errors, yielding much less integral nonlinearities (INLs) than conventional switching schemes. Switching scheme examples with different n...