background and objectives: medical ethics has a long history worldwide; although it is a new scientific discipline. also, it is not just for a specific single group or discipline in a treatment team; it is the entire medical community who benefits from it. given the importance of this issue, this study examined the viewpoints of the specialist physicians in qom province on the most common issue...

background & objectives: colon cancer is currently of high incidence and mortality rate. identifying the factors influencing its prognosis can be very beneficial to its clinical treatment. recent studies have shown that lymph nodes ratio can be considered as an important prognostic factor. the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of this factor on the prognosis of the patie...

Typically, a consent document in the United States is a printed form with blank spaces in which the operative procedure is filled in. The form is signed by the patient, and placed into the medical record. At first glance, it would seem that the patient was told of the operative procedure and gave his or her consent. Yet informed consent, or, more accurately, lack of informed consent, is a frequ...

The author summarizes emerging standards for informed consent as the underpinning of ethical research in humans.

Bioethicists have failed to understand the pervasively paternalistic character of research ethics. Not only is the overall structure of research review and regulation paternalistic in some sense; even the way informed consent is sought may imply paternalism. Paternalism has limits, however. Getting clear on the paternalism of research ethics may mean some kinds of prohibited research should be ...

In the classic rumor spreading model, also known as susceptible-infectedremoved (SIR) model in which rumor spread out of each node proportionally to its degree and all edges have uniform tie strength between nodes. The rumor spread phenomenon is similar as epidemic spread, in which all the informed nodes spread rumor by informing their neighbor nodes. In earlier rumor spreading models, at each ...