Across domains, researchers, engineers, and designers are faced with large volumes of data that are heterogeneous in nature including spatial, abstract, and temporal information. There are numerous design and technical challenges when considering the unification, management, and presentation of these information types. Most research and applications have focused on display techniques for each o...

For many organizations, the ability to make coordinated, organization-wide responses to today’s business problems is thwarted by the lack of data integration or commonly defined data elements and codes across different information systems. Though many researchers and practitioners have implicitly assumed that data integration always results in net benefits to an organization, this article quest...

Many organizational theories are not sanguine over the chances of organizations to adapt and evolve, even if they should learn from the past through memory. Innovative search in the adaptive biology tradition leads quickly to dead ends. However, memory is useful for rendering innovative search more efficient. The concept from evolutionary biology of neutrality and drift along neutral pathways i...

conceptual knowledge here seems to be less fragmentary and more theoretical than with the general schemas. 9 (This fact is not surprising considering that it was acquired as an organized, systematic body of knowledge.) For example, Subject-A had an elaborate minitheory about the use and organization of space between buildings. His first sentences on viewing the site were as follows: (PF3) S-A: ...

city growth and environmental difficulties last decades leads the art of urban design and development think more precisely and new approaches for conserving environment and developing urban areas have been evolved.the present study deals with concepts related to ecology in the city and in particular the theory of ecological urbanism and its criteria is expressed. also theory and characteristics...