Although in most of the rural development plans, relocation of informal settlements is oftenconsidered as an efficient solution to increase safety of rural communities against natural and man-made disasters,such as, earthquakes, fire hazards, floods, etc. an evaluation of recent experiences in the relocation projects show thatthe relocated community is often unsatisfied with the new residential...

This paper is concerned with the saddle-path stability of monetary growth rules in a two-country two-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Alongside standard features of emerging economies, such as a combination of producer and local currency pricing for exports, fiscal dominance and oil exports, this model also incorporates informal labour and production sectors and examines how...

Recent scholarship shows that social capital has a large influence on political behavior. Social capital’s definition includes trust, norms of reciprocity, and social networks. Most studies, however, ignore the networking component. Here, we test the influence of social networks on political participation using new Japanese survey data. We separately test the effects of involvement in formally ...

despite various efforts towards empowerment of cooperatives in iran, much in agreement with this concept and strategies can not be observed. the purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the solutions to empowering production cooperatives. the delphi technique was employed to do this study. the target population consisted of specialists in national provincial and specialists (n=15). ...

the study investigates factors that affect members' satisfaction of mashhad cattle husbandry cooperatives. the required data and information were collected via interviews and questionnaires from cattlemen. cattlemen of mashhad constitute the statistical population of the study. using cochran formula, 60 cattlemen were selected randomly as the sample in 2013. spss software package was used to an...

In recent years, “Bottom-up Planning Approach” has been widely accepted and expanded from planning theorists. Citizen participation becomes more important in decision-making in informal settlements. Many of previous projects and strategies due to ignorance of citizen participation, have been failed facing with informal settlements and in some cases lead physical expansion of these neighbourhood...

Ibermedia is the most important institution in Ibero-American audiovisual space. It was created as a result of bottom-up project that aims to include stakeholders policy-making. The paper investigates participation decision-making order assess if it maintains its original cooperative character. We applied salience theory identify who and why being taken into account by organization. Our finding...