BACKGROUND Tobacco industry interference has been identified as the greatest obstacle to the implementation of evidence-based measures to reduce tobacco use. Understanding and addressing industry interference in public health policy-making is therefore crucial. Existing conceptualisations of corporate political activity (CPA) are embedded in a business perspective and do not attend to CPA's soc...

OBJECTIVE To analyze how the tobacco industry influenced tobacco control policymaking in Costa Rica. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of tobacco industry documents, tobacco control legislation, newspaper articles, and interviewing of key informants. RESULTS During the mid-to-late 1980s, Health Ministry issued several advanced (for their time) smoking restriction decrees causing British American...

In industry and academia, researchers have given more and more attention to Cognitive Radio (CR). The key idea of CR is to make it possible for a wireless system to find the vacant spectrum and transfer data without interfering with licensed users (LUs). Then, OFDM is proposed as a candidate signaling technology for such applications. However, the sidelobe interference of subcarriers has become...

The pharmaceutical industry is accountable on the one hand to its shareholders and on the other to the community at large. These two obligations can, in principle, be met. However, the industry has developed practices that do not consider society, including excessive or inappropriate pricing of drugs, an indifference to the needs and limitations of the developing world, an imbalance between tru...

With the commercialization of 3G mobile communication systems, the ability to provide diversiform data services, high mobility vehicle communication experiences and asymmetrical services are enhanced further than 2G systems. But at the same time, users still have higher requirement for high-rate and high-QoS mobile services. Many international standardization organizations have launched the res...