Reflex seizures are seizures that are elicited by sensory or cognitive stimuli. These stimuli can be very diverse but are usually highly specific within one patient. The type of seizures that are induced by these stimuli can be tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic jerks with or without absences, and absences with facial myoclonus. Focal seizures can also occur. A wide range of different stimuli hav...

I was interested to read the case report of bathing epilepsy published by Stutchfield and Loh [1] and wish to comment on several misleading statements and factual errors. As the authors would know, we have published a comprehensive review of bath-induced events [2]. Since then, three further papers on bathing epilepsy have been published [3–6] together with a letter [6] confirming that what was...

Bathing-related epilepsy (BRE), which is also known as water immersion epilepsy, is a rare, benign, reflex epilepsy. It presents with focal seizures that occur during bathing with hot water and has a favorable prognosis (1). The exact mechanism underlying these seizures is unknown (1). This epilepsy is frequently confused with hot water epilepsy (HWE) and is generally seen during childhood and ...

INTRODUCTION The startle is a variant of primitive physiological reflex, present in developed animals. It could be defined as a sudden defensive reaction triggered by an adequate sensorial stimulus, most effective if auditory, consisting under a clinical basis on the sudden and sequential contraction of some muscular groups, in first place affecting the facial territory (orbicularis oculi bilat...

Chaturbhuj Rathore, MD Ashalatha Radhakrishnan, MD S. Dinesh Nayak, MD Kurupath Radhakrishnan, MD, FAAN A 6-year-old boy presented with seizures since the age of 3 years characterized by sudden extension of the upper extremities and a tendency to fall forward; each seizure was induced by micturition. The ictal EEG during these seizures showed 20 Hz beta activity followed by 2 Hz spike-wave disc...

Reading epilepsy is a form of reflex-induced seizures. Two entities are postulated as part of a clinical spectrum; one anterior variant with jaw jerks and orofacial myoclonia and another posterior variant with visual symptoms and alexia or dyslexia. We present a case with suggestible evidence of both conditions coexisting within the same patient, a finding that, to our knowledge, has not been p...