Studying independence of literals, variables, and substitutions has proven very useful in the context of logic programming (LP). Here we study independence in the broader context of constraint logic programming (CLP). We show that a naive extrapolation of the LP definitions of independence to CLP is unsatisfactory (in fact, wrong) for two reasons. First, because interaction between variables th...

Independence – the study of what is relevant to a given problem of reasoning – is an important AI topic. In this paper, we investigate several notions of conditional independence in propositional logic: Darwiche and Pearl’s conditional independence, and two more restricted forms of it, called strong conditional independence and perfect conditional independence. Many characterizations and proper...

Across the industrial democracies, public agencies operating in similar policy areas and performing similar functions often vary in their levels of independence. While this variation has long interested political scientists, little attention has been devoted to the fact that in complex policy areas, the sheer quantity, diversity and complexity of evidence has facilitated the emergence of a “gol...

adjudication independence can be studied in two areas namely independency of judicial power and independency of judge. the first one is based on the separation of powers theory but judge independence means its freedom from parties and their attorneys and its independence in intern of judiciary power. this sense of independence has two objectives: 1) judge's freedom in applying the law to f...

Stochastic independence has a complex status in probability theory. It is not part of the definition of a probability measure, but it is nonetheless an essential property for the mathematical development of this theory. Bayesian decision theorists such as Savage can be criticized for being silent about stochastic independence. From their current preference axioms, they can derive no more than t...