Effects of tree species diversity on decomposition can operate via a multitude of mechanism, including alterations of microclimate by the forest canopy. Studying such effects in natural settings is complicated by the fact that topography also affects microclimate and thus decomposition, so that effects of diversity are more difficult to isolate. Here, we quantified decomposition rates of standa...

SUMMARY We propose a two scale asymptotic method to compute the effective effect of a free surface topography varying much faster than the minimum wavelength for 2-D P-SV elastic wave propagation. The topography variation is assumed to be non-periodic but with a de-terministic description and, in the present paper, the elastic body below the topography is assumed to be homogeneous. Two asymptot...

[1] A long-standing question in geodynamics is the cause of deviations of ocean depth or seafloor topography from the prediction of a cooling half-space model (HSC). Are the deviations caused entirely by mantle plumes or lithospheric reheating associated with sublithospheric small-scale convection or some other mechanisms? In this study we analyzed the age and geographical dependences of ocean ...

The objective of this new project is to investigate the generation of complex seismic waves by explosions in media with realistic three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneity, including topography. To do this, we use information on subsurface heterogeneity from nuclear test sites to develop 3D models that have the characteristics of the emplacement media for actual nuclear tests. We then run calculatio...

The cost of power network operation and maintenance is affected by many factors, which will affect the cost. Among influencing geographical environment one more important factors. influence factors on realized conditions including distance, topography, climate, etc. . When distance longer, topography complex, climate change severe, for costs have a higher increase in effect.This paper analyzes ...

We consider the shallow water equation and the vorticity equations for a variable height of topography. On the assumptions that the atmosphere is incompressible and a constant density, we simplify the coupled dynamic equations. The change in topographic height is handled as the sum of the inherent and changing topography using the perturbation method, together with appropriate boundary conditio...