There are some experiences that researcher come across quite number of time for very large networks in the initial samples such that they cannot finish the sampling procedure. Two solutions have been proposed and used by marine biologists which we discuss in this article: i) Adaptive cluster sampling based on order statistics with a stopping rule, ii) Restricted adaptive cluster sampling. Until...

An understanding of the survival probability and abundance endangered species is critical for their effective conservation management. In this study, long-term capture-mark-recapture data were used to estimate apparent green turtles Chelonia mydas at Kuroshima Island in Yaeyama Islands, Japan. A total 453 captured from 2009 2020 using entangling nets. All juveniles subadults; no adult during st...

Two novel research approaches were developed to facilitate controlled access to, and long-term monitoring of, juvenile Steller sea lions for periods longer than typically afforded by traditional fieldwork. The Transient Juvenile Steller sea lion Project at the Alaska SeaLife Center facilitated nutritional, physiological, and behavioral studies on the platform of temporary captivity. Temporarily...

We constructed annual abundance of a migratory baleen whale at an oceanic stopover site to elucidate temporal changes in Bermuda, area with increasing anthropogenic activity. The North Atlantic humpback whales visiting Bermuda between 2011 and 2020 was estimated using photo-identification capture-recapture data for 1,204 whales, collected December 2009 May 2020. Owing sparse set, we combined Co...

To assess changes in the condition of bat populations, biologists can monitor various population parameters, including abundance, population change, and survival (Kunz et al., 2009; O’Donnell, 2009). A common sampling and analysis framework used to estimate such population parameters is markrecapture methodology (Schwarz and Seber, 1999). However, a challenge to conducting such studies is deter...

Phenotypic differences in analgesic sensitivity to codeine (3-methoxymorphine) results from polymorphisms in cytochrome P450-2D6, which catalyzes O-demethylation of codeine to morphine. However, O-demethylation reportedly is not required for analgesic activity of the 7,8-saturated codeine congeners dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone. This study determined the potency and efficacy of the...