Bats are hosts to a range of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic pathogens. Human activities that increase exposure to bats will likely increase the opportunity for infections to spill over in the future. Ecological drivers of pathogen spillover and emergence in novel hosts, including humans, involve a complex mixture of processes, and understanding these complexities may aid in predicting spillo...

The most formal and systematic tool to simplify a real-world phenomenon dealing with the interrelationships between organisms and their environment, including the interaction between each other is an ecological model. Of course, it is usually created for one or more purposes, for example, to gain system understanding, to forecast the future state of the system, and to develop new hypotheses. No...

The disease triangle is a basic and highly flexible tool used extensively in forest pathology. By linking host, pathogen, and environmental factors, the model provides etiological insights into disease emergence. Landscape ecology, as a field, focuses on spatially heterogeneous environments and is most often employed to understand the dynamics of relatively large areas such as those including m...

Industrial Ecology aims to inform decision making about the environmental impacts of industrial production processes by tracking and analyzing resource use and flows of industrial products, consumer products and wastes. Quantifying the patterns of use of materials and energy in different societies is one area of research in Industrial Ecology. An extensive literature is devoted in particular to...

Reactions to the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) proposed by Brown et al. (2004, this issue) are likely to fall into the following categories. Enthusiastic support.—MTE persuasively demonstrates how a few simple, well-founded physical principles concerning energy and temperature can explain an impressive fraction of the natural variability in organism-level productivity, developmental rates, ...

background: scorpions’ stings and their own mortalities place them among the most important health and medical problems. the dreadful features and especially their poisonous stings are considered a major cause of human stress and abhorrence/phobia. the current study aimed to study the scorpion fauna of ilam province, south western iran in order to manage scorpionism related problems. methods: i...

fuzzylogic computes a multi-criteria evaluation by means of either a boolean analysis, weightedlinear combination (wlc) and ordered weighted averaging (owa) of factor images. owa works withstandardized factor images and employs a variant of the wlc. it takes into account the risk associated withthe decision and degree of tradeoff associated with the variables in the analysis. in this research, ...

the changes in density and biomass of macrobenthos were seasonally investigated from winter 2005 till fall 2006 in southern caspian sea. samples were taken with a 225cm2 van veen grab from depths of 7 and 20 meters along two transects: line 8 area (western part) and radio darya area (eastern part). totally, 5 classes of macrobenthos were identified of which the most abundant populations were po...