The main purpose of this paper is analyses the short and long run relationship between budget deficit and trade deficit in some MENA countries. The data cover the period from 1971-2000 (and for I.R. IRAN 1 959-2003).The relationship between these variables will be analyses in short and long run by using Johansen cointegration tests, ECM, and Granger causality test. The empirical evidence provid...

the term xenophobia describes a social phenomenon rooted in fear and hatred of foreigners from different ethnic groups. this phenomenon is understandably reflected in five shakespearean plays: the merchant of venice, othello, the tempest, titus andronicus, and anthony and cleopatra; among which, the merchant of venice has more importance in addressing foreign characters and groups (i.e. shylock...

badi’ iyaat – created as a new technique in a period of arabic literature, that is known as the decline era. the study of this technique as a form of poetry in this era, creates a cloud of doubt for naming the period. there have been many poets with thousands of great poems that reflect the prominence of this era not its decline. the writer of this article has studied badi’ iyaat in khazaanat –...

one of the most importanat traits of fluorescent pseudomonads, a phenomenon also related to their biocontrol, is the ability to develop phase variation during their rhizosphere colonization. for an investigation of this phenomenon, at first 24 bacterial strains of pseudomonas fluorescens that were able to cause an inhibiting zone within the range of 3-14.67 mm. against gaeumannomyces graminis v...

The study of abstract and objective factors in the emergence of pan-Arabism in Iran, in pre and post-revolutionary eras is the subject of this essay. The goal is to examine and study elements that provoked ethnic sentiments in southern and Arab-dominated parts of Iran. At a juncture in history, such desires and sentiments manifested themselves in terms of separatist movements. This essay is bas...