This Note investigates the bias of the sampling importance resampling (SIR) filter in estimation of the state transition noise in the state space model. The SIR filter may suffer from sample impoverishment that is caused by the resampling and therefore will benefit from a sampling proposal that has a heavier tail, e.g. the state transition noise simulated for particle preparation is bigger than...

This paper provides an analysis of the typologically unusual patterns of case assignment in Tlapanec. The theoretical approach relies on a sub-analysis of the markers and on postulating an interaction of markedness constraints. These constraints are implemented in a more general concept of grammar in which morphology applies after syntax, as is the case in Distributed Morphology. According to t...

Introduction In India, health care is provided by a mix of government and private providers. While the government health services are ostensibly free, in reality, studies have shown that people have to pay for medicines, diagnostics and other procedures. People approaching the private sector usually end up making out-of-pocket payments (OOP). This has two effectsit can be a substantial and ineq...

The paper attempts to describe catastrophic health spending and its impact to poverty in the Philippine setting. It focuses on the role of out-of-pocket payments for health care as a springboard in the analysis of measuring the magnitude and analyzing the extent of damage of catastrophic health expenditures. It also explores the scope and trends of these spending by different socioeconomic indi...

Observational errors of Particle Filtering are studied over the case a state-space model with linear observation equation. In this study, observational estimated prior to upcoming observations. This action is added basic algorithm filter as new step for acquisition state estimations. intervention useful in presence missing data problems mainly, well sample tracking impoverishment issues. It app...

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