Immunosuppressants are a class of compounds that reduce the effects of an activated immunesystem. These compounds have been clinically effective at suppressing organ graft rejection and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The most widely used immunosuppressants are natural products originally isolated from microorganism cultures. Amongthese products, cyclosporin A, FK-506, and rapamycin ar...

BACKGROUND Liver transplantation is an important treatment option for patients with liver-originated tumors including biliary tract carcinomas (BTCs). Post-transplant tumor recurrence remains a limiting factor for long-term survival. The mammalian target of rapamycin-targeting immunosuppressive drug rapamycin could be helpful in lowering BTC recurrence rates. Therein, we investigated the antipr...

BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with breakthrough disease on immunomodulatory drugs are frequently offered to switch to natalizumab or immunosuppressants. The effect of natalizumab monotherapy in patients with breakthrough disease is unknown. METHODS This is an open-label retrospective cohort study of 993 patients seen at least four times at the University of California San Franci...

All of the participants in study achieved targeted blood levels immunosuppressants and 54% had never forgotten/postponed taking immunosuppressants. The patients; who forgot/postponed prescribed medications, reported associated reasons as follows: Forgetfulness/carelessness (16%), leaving medications at home forgetfully (14%), unable to take because being away from (10%), barriers related their ...

As most COVID-19 patients show mild to moderate symptoms; 15% suffer from severe respiratory symptoms, and 5% develop acute distress syndrome which may be associated with multiple organ failure. The highly virulent SARS-CoV-2 affects organs, other than lungs, such as brain, kidney, cardiovascular system gastrointestinal tract. This review highlights the relation between involvement. causes cyto...

In orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), tolerance is induced in a certain combination of donors and a recipient in rats and, in some clinical cases, rejection has not occurred in OLT patients after weaning off immunosuppression. However, this mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Among our cases of liver transplantation (LTx), one OLT patient (Patient A) has not required immunosuppressive d...