background: craniospinal radiotherapy faces technical challenges which are due to the sensitivity of the location in which the gross tumor is, and to organs at risk around planning target volume. using modern treatment planning systems causes a reduction in the complexities of the treatment techniques. the most effective method to assess the dosimetric accuracy and the validity of the software ...

Abstract Radiotherapy is an important cancer treatment: in patients who are cured of cancer, radiotherapy contributes to cure around 40% cases. also has role improving symptoms individuals with incurable cancer. Whereas palliative typically given over 1–10 treatments, radical treatments can extend 4–8 weeks. Radiation often delivered externally by machines called linear accelerators. I...

Modern radiotherapy techniques heavily rely on high-quality medical imaging. PET provides biologic information about the tumor, complementary to anatomic imaging. Integrated PET/CT has found its way into the practice of radiation oncology, and (18)F-FDG PET is being introduced for radiotherapy planning. The functional information possibly augments accurate delineation and treatment of the tumor...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent soft tissue contrast, and in combination with its quantitative functional imaging capability, this modality is ideal for use in radiotherapy. MRI images, either used directly or fused with CT, play an increasingly important role in contouring gross tumor volume (GTV) and organs at risk (OAR) in radiation treatment planning (RTP) systems. The s...

introduction wedge modifiers are commonly applied in external beam radiotherapy to change the dose distribution corresponding to the body contour and to obtain a uniform dose distribution within the target volume. since the radiation dose delivered to the target must be within ±5% of the prescribed dose, accurate dose calculation by a treatment planning system (tps) is important. the objective ...

Radiotherapy is the use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of malignant tumors. It is one of the main treatment modalities for many forms of cancer, with more than half of all cancer patients receiving radiation therapy at some point in their treatment.1 Biological and technological advances have brought notable improvements in radiotherapy over the years. Biologically based advances includ...

Background Delivering training to participating sites is an essential part of successful trial setup especially when new techniques, treatments or technologies are involved. RAIDER is a multicentre (> 30 NHS Trusts) phase II trial of complex radiotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. The radiotherapy techniques were developed at a single UK NHS site and in addition to written materials id...

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive technique to detect metabolites within the normal and tumoral tissues. The ability of MRS to diagnose areas of high metabolic activity linked to tumor cell proliferation is particularly useful for radiotherapy treatment planning because of better gross tumor volume (GTV) delineation. The GTV may be targeted with higher radiation dose, pote...

The goal of radiation therapy is to achieve maximal therapeutic benefit expressed in terms of a high probability of local control of disease with minimal side effects. Physically this often equates to the delivery of a high dose of radiation to the tumour or target region whilst maintaining an acceptably low dose to other tissues, particularly those adjacent to the target. Techniques such as in...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) simulation is the acquisition of MRI sequences in radiotherapy treatment position for planning purposes. The primary benefit within pathway improved soft-tissue contrast compared with computed tomography (CT), which improves visualisation target volumes and organs at risk [1,2]. Its prevalence around world varied dependent on availability dedicated equipment [3].