a 6-year-old male crossbred dog was referred to the veterinary medical teaching hospital of islamic azad university of karaj with the history of abdominal distention, rectal tenesmus and stranguria. abdominal radiographs and ultrasonography indicated large distended urinary bladder and prostatic enlargement. ecg showed temporary episodes of atrial standstill. the only abnormalities detected by ...

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), b-adrenergic receptor blockers (BBs), and aldosterone blockers (ABs) have been shown to be effective in reducing cardiovascular mortality and the need for hospitalizations for heart failure (HF) in patients with chronic HF and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFREF) and in patients with HFREF po...