Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine by the nucleophilic attack of an active site cysteine residue through a mechanism that requires the formation of a gamma-glutamyl thioester intermediate. The steady-state mole fraction of the thioester intermediate was determined to be 0.23 in the presence and absence of ATP and bicarbonate. The kinetics of formation and hydro...

Enzymatic hydrolysis of pre-treated wheat straw has been studied. Several additives have checked as potential improvers glucose yield in the enzymatic hydrolysis, trying to avoid cellulases inhibition by lignin a cause decrease saccharification rate lignocellulosic biomass. Non-ionic surfactants, such Tween 80 (poly(oxyethylene)20-sorbitan-monooleate) and polyethylene glycol-6000, proteins, bov...

Carbon cycling and the availability of organic carbon for nutrient removal processes are in most wastewater treatment systems restricted by the rate of hydrolysis of slowly biodegradable (particulate) organic matter. To date, the mechanisms of hydrolysis are not well understood for complex substrates and mixed populations. Most mathematical models use a simple one-step process to describe hydro...

Anaerobic biodegradability and hydrolysis rates of wastewater screenings were determined using the biochemical methane potential test at 37 °C. The extent and rate of screenings conversion to methane of this complex and particulate substrate were investigated and since two stages of hydrolysis were identified, corresponding to the different types of materials in screenings, a linear and non-lin...