This study describes a general liquefaction flow instability criterion for elastoplastic soils based on the concept of loss of uniqueness. We apply the criterion to the general case of axisymmetric loading and invoke the concepts of effective stresses and loss of controllability to arrive at a general criterion for the onset of liquefaction flow. The criterion is used in conjunction with an ela...

During transportation, there will be vaporization of LNG producing boil-off gas (BOG) and its re-liquefaction is required considering that large volume of BOG to be vented out. A cryogenic refrigeration cycle is utilized in order to re-liquefy the BOG and returns it to the cargo tank. Kapitza and claude are the usually used LNG re-liquefaction cycles. The developments in the processes adopted f...

Torrefaction is an effective pretreatment method to improve the uniformity and quality of lignocellolosic biomass before further thermal processing (e.g., gasification, combustion). The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of torrefaction as a pretreatment before liquefaction. Wood chips were torrefied for 2 h at three different temperatures (230, 260, 290 °C) and then subjected...

The determination of liquefaction potential is required to take into account a large number of parameters, which creates a complex nonlinear structure of the liquefaction phenomenon. The conventional methods rely on simple statistical and empirical relations or charts. However, they cannot characterise these complexities. Genetic algorithms are suited to solve these types of problems. A genetic...

We are witnessing a great transition towards society powered by renewable energies to meet the ever-stringent climate target. Hydrogen, as an energy carrier, will play key role in building climate-neutral society. Although liquid hydrogen is essential for storage and transportation, liquefying costly with conventional methods based on Joule-Thomas effect. As emerging technology which potentiall...

The microwave liquefaction kinetics of corn stover in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) using sulfuric acid as a catalyst was studied. The liquefaction apparent rate constant (k) was examined using a first-order reaction model. The k values of corn stover increased from 0.080 min -1 to 0.165 min -1 , with the reaction temperature increasing from 120 o C to 180 o C. The k value of cellulose a...

Decarbonisation of the energy sector is becoming increasingly more important to reduction in climate change. Renewable an effective means reducing CO2 emissions, but fluctuation demand and production a limiting factor. Liquid hydrogen allows for long-term storage energy. Hydrogen quality safety efficiency end user. Furthermore, gas after liquefaction has not yet been reported. The purity was as...

PURPOSE To investigate the effect of lens density on liquefaction time by using liquefaction device (AquaLase, Alcon Laboratories, TX, U.S.A.). METHODS Cataract surgery using AquaLase was performed on 47 eyes. With a Scheimpflug camera, the density and thickness of lens were measured in eye of each patient preoperatively. During surgery, liquefaction time and total number of pulses were recor...

A process was explored for continuous enzymatic liquefaction of corn starch at high concentration and subsequently saccharification to glucose. The process appears to be quite efficient for conversion of starch to glucose and enzymatic liquefaction and should be readily adaptable to industrial fermentation processes. Preliminary work indicated that milled corn or other cereal grains also can be...

The potential for liquefaction triggering of a soil under a given seismic loading is measured herein by probability of liquefaction. The first order reliability method FORM is used to calculate reliability index, from which the probability of liquefaction is obtained. This approach requires the knowledge of parameter and model uncertainties; the latter is the focus of this paper. An empirical m...