incredible diversity of explanatory systems (some heuristic, others theoretic) dauntingly facing the young medical thinker or natural philosopher in the mid-eighteenth century. Thus Hutton opted for belief in five chemical principles (for Hutton principles were ad hoc labellings rather than ultimate constituents of Nature): salt, water, sulfur, earth, and air. It was as good a classification as...

Exsul Hutton (Diptera, Muscidae) is revised and the genus diagnosis is enlarged. The female of Exsul singularis Hutton is described for the first time. The male and female terminalia of all species are described and illustrated. Exsul alfredoi sp. n. is described and illustrated and compared with the other known species. A key to separate the species is given.

Two-dimensional (2-D) photo-count mapping on CMOS single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) has been demonstrated. Together with the varied incident wavelengths, the depth-dependent electric field distribution in active region has been investigated on two SPADs with different structures. Clear but different non-uniformity of photo-response have been observed for the two studied devices. With the h...