We appreciate the response from Hsieh et al. 1 to our publication, 'Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma'. 2 As a part of our original study, we assessed the effect of lenalidomide and dexamethasone treatment on 'humoral improvement' in multiple myeloma patients, which was defined as an increase in u...

Thirty-two calves were studied to determine the effects of level of nutrition (400 and 1000 g (air-dry matter) milk substitute per d) and age at weaning (5, 9 and 13 weeks) on humoral immune responses measured in serum and bronchoalveolar washings (BAW). All calves were immunized with Keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) at 3 weeks of age, and with horse erythrocytes (HRBC) 1 d after weaning. Feedi...

Although passively administered antibodies are known to suppress the humoral immune response, the mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we developed a mathematical model to better understand the suppression phenomena in mice. Using this model, we tested the generally accepted but difficult to prove "epitope masking hypothesis." To simulate the hypothesis and clearly observe masking of epitop...

In many diseases (e.g. autoimmune diseases, cancer), a humoral immune response is thought to be involved; therefore, identifying relevant antigens that trigger the humoral immune response is at the heart of current approaches for discovering biomarkers and designing therapeutic strategies. Although immunoblotting and protein array have been used for antigen profiling in several diseases, with t...

  Humoral immune response of vaccine-I (supermatent from sonicated sporulated oocyst), vaccine –II (sediment from sonicated sporulated oocyst) and vaccine –III (un-sonicated sporulated oocyst) against conccidiosis in chickens was determined by indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test. IHA antibody titre was significantly higher (p

It is becoming increasingly clear that there are unique sets of miRNAs that have distinct governing roles in several aspects of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, new tools allow selective modulation of the expression of individual miRNAs, both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how miRNAs drive the activity of immune cells, and...

Stress is an adaptive response of the organism to event that can be both internal and external, interfering at endocrine, humoral, organic biological levels:

Humanized mice historically have not been good models of human humoral immunity induced by either infection or immunization. However, newer versions of humanized mice generated in severely immunodeficient mice with a targeted disruption of the IL2Rγc gene have recently been reported to produce antigen-specific class-switched human antibodies, with some demonstrating neutralizing activities. Her...