This paper examines the necessity of regulating the Iranian card payments system (SHAPARAK) based on the theory of two-sided markets. The expansion of the payment card system in recent years has arisen some questions regarding the role of all kinds of costs and expenses such as interchange fees, cardholder fees, merchant fees, and network externality in balancing the market. Since there is only...

The number of medical institutions that provide institutional care of tuberculosis has decreased for several reasons: the number of patients with tuberculosis has decreased; the length of hospitalization has been shortened; and medical care has become more efficient. In addition, the number of tuberculosis specialists has decreased. Patients with tuberculosis are currently treated by limited nu...

Although Cape Town was founded in 1652 to combat the ravages of scurvy in ships at sea, goo years later scurvy was still rife there. Some 10-15 years ago there was a continuous migration into this urban area of rural Bantu males, whose aim was to make sufficient money as unskilled labourers, in as short a time as possible, so that they might return to their homelands with the requisite marriage...

This study uses data on Medicaid physician fees in 1993 and 1998 to document variation in Medicaid fees across the country, describe changes in Medicaid fees, and contrast how Medicaid physician fees have changed relative to those in Medicare between 1993 and 1998. The results show that 1998 Medicaid fees vary widely, as has been documented in earlier studies, but that states with low average f...

Abstract Background Outpatient treatment with SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing antibody combination AZD7442 (tixagevimab/cilgavimab) in adults mild to moderate COVID-19 significantly reduced progression severe disease or death through Day 29 and was well-tolerated the Phase 3 TACKLE study primary analysis (NCT04723394). administered earlier course leads more favorable outcomes has potential prevent hosp...