In industrial crystallization, all impurity species need to be removed, regardless of the kind present in raw materials. Removing mother liquor is required because a crystal cake with holdup frequently formed by crystalline particles during solid-liquid separation suspension-type melt crystallization. This study aims make clear relationship between and characteristics cake, difference residue b...

Accurate prediction of liquid holdup associated with multiphase flow is a critical element in the design and operation of modern production systems. This prediction is made difficult by the complexity of the distribution of the phases and the wide range of fluid properties encountered in production operations. Consequently, the performance of existing correlations is often inadequate in terms o...

Can formal contracts help resolving the holdup problem? We address this important question by studying the holdup problem in repeated transactions between a seller and a buyer in which the seller can make relation-specific investments in each period. In contrast to previous findings, we demonstrate that writing a simple fixed-price contract based on product delivery is of value even when relati...

The application of Gas-Liquid-solid circulating fluidized beds (GLSCBE) has increased recently in chemical, petrochemical and biochemical industries. Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) and optical fibre probe were applied to investigate local phase holdups distribution. Since ERT is applicable only to conductive phase(s), e.g. liquid phase in this study, optical fibre probe was employed sim...

Gas holdup and mixing time were characterized in a forced circulation internal loop draft-tube reactor (unaerated aspect ratio≈ 6, downcomero-riser cross-sectional area ratio = 0.493) as functions of the forced liquid superficial velocity in the riser (ULr) and the gas superficial velocity in he riser (UGr). Data were obtained in air–water system. The operation ranges were 0≤ULr ≤ 0.051 m/s and...

This paper investigates the extent of the holdup underinvestment problem in a buyer-seller relationship in which the seller has private information about his alternative trading opportunities. Theory predicts that, compared with a situation in which outside options are publicly observed, the seller obtains an informational rent while the buyer bears an informational loss. As a result the seller...

Experiments were performed in a cylindrical 0.14 m diameter bubble column with a metal perforated plate. Air and aqueous solutions of glycerol with viscosity 1–22 mPa s were the phases. Gas holdup was measured and plotted against the gas flow rate. The critical point where the homogeneous–heterogeneous regime transition begins was determined by the drift-flux plot of the primary data. The homog...

The maximum volume of liquid bridge left between two vertically mounted spherical particles has been theoretically determined and experimentally measured. As the gravitational effect has not been neglected in the theoretical model, the liquid interface profile is nonsymmetrical around the X-axis. Symmetry in the interface profile only occurs when either the particle size ratio or the gravitatio...