40 The ARPS 3DVAR system is enhanced to include the analysis of radar-derived 41 refractivity measurements. These refractivity data are most sensitive to atmospheric moisture 42 content and provide high-resolution information on near-surface moisture that is important to 43 convective initiation (CI) and precipitation forecasting. Observing system simulation 44 experiments (OSSEs) are performed...

infiltration is a complex process that changed by initial moisture and water head on the soil surface. the main objective of this study was to estimate the coefficients of infiltration equations, kostiakov-lewis, philip and horton, and evaluate the sensitivity of these equations and their coefficients under various initial conditions (initial moisture soil) and boundary (water head on soil surf...

In this paper, the results of an experiment carried out for exploiting the capabilities of X-band Cosmo-SkyMed data in the monitoring of soil and vegetation characteristics are summarized. SAR data have been collected in two agricultural areas in Italy and compared with ground truth measurements of soil and vegetation parameters. A rather good sensitivity to vegetation features, biomass and the...

To investigate the mechanism of available energy partitioning to sensible and latent heat fluxes over semi-arid regions, data from the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) were analyzed to assess the effects of soil moisture, net radiation, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on available energy partitioning, as quantified by Bowen ratio. It was found that th...

Knowledge of surface hydrology is essential for many applications, including studies that aim to understand permafrost response to changing climate and the associated feedback mechanisms. Advanced remote sensing techniques make it possible to retrieve a range of land-surface variables, including radar retrieved soil moisture (SSM). It has been pointed out before that soil moisture retrieval fro...

Soil moisture is a key element in the global hydrologic, energy and carbon cycle. Knowledge about the location specific sensitivity of radar backscatter can be used for operational determination of relative soil moisture over large regions. This approach has been developed for C-Band scatterometer and transferred to C-Band ScanSAR within the ESA Tiger Innovator project SHARE (ENVISAT ASAR WS/GM...

Along with high sensitivity in detecting gas, the response and recovery times of semiconductor gas sensors are of considerable importance for real life applications. In most cases, the recovery time is more than the response time. At the same time, water vapor present in the ambient, is chemisorbed on the tin oxide, SnO2 surface and the water molecules dissociate into hydroxyl species, which ac...

The origin of horizontal striations in lenticular clouds was qualitatively described by Richard Scorer as being due to a vertically layered moisture field, although the magnitude of the required moisture perturbations has not previously been quantified. Sensitivity tests using high-resolution numerical simulations of these clouds are used here to confirm Scorer’s hypothesis, and show that only ...

As a conventional farming practice, tillage has lasted for thousands of years in Loess Plateau, China. Although recent studies show that tillage is a prominent culprit to soil carbon loss in croplands, few studies have investigated the influences of tillage on the responses of soil CO2 efflux (SCE) to soil temperature and moisture. Using a multi-channel automated CO2 efflux chamber system, we m...