Expression of heterologous proteins in adult mammalian neurons is a valuable technique for the study of neuronal function. The post-mitotic nature of mature neurons prevents effective DNA transfection using simple, cationic lipid-based methods. Adequate heterologous protein expression is often only achievable using complex techniques that, in many cases, are associated with substantial toxicity...

Anamnestic antihapten responses were obtained to trinitrophenyl (TNP) when rabbits sensitized to trinitrophenyl-hemocyanin (TNP-KLH) were challenged with TNP-heterologous protein conjugates. Hapten-heterologous carrier conjugates elicited antihapten titers similar in magnitude to those elicited by the homologous carrier conjugate. Hapten-heterologous carrier recall of antihapten was successful ...

Clear cellrenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant renal tumor in adults, while chromophobe RCC (CRCC) is the third most common. Any subtypes of RCC can undergo sarcomatoid differentiation, but heterologous differentiation in sarcomatoid area is very rare in RCC. Here a61-year male is presented with hematuria and palpable mass. Clinicoradiologically, RCC was considered and left r...

Protein crystallographers are well aware of the trap crystallizing E. coli proteins instead macromolecule interest if heterologous recombinant protein expression in was part experimental pipeline. Among well-known culprits YodA metal-binding lipocalin (25 kDa) and YadF carbonic anhydrase (a tetramer 25 kDa subunits). We report a novel crystal form another such culprit, HPII catalase, which is t...

Attenuated live Salmonella enterica are useful carriers for the delivery of heterologous antigens for vaccination. Effector proteins translocated by type III secretion systems (T3SS) of Salmonella have been successfully utilized for antigen delivery. Here we investigated the use of effector proteins of the T3SS encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI2). We observed that the effector p...

tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) is a serine protease, which is composed of five distinct structural domains with 17 disulfide bonds, representing a model of high-disulfide proteins in human body. one of the most important limitations for high yield heterologous protein production in escherichia coli (e. coli) is the expression of complex proteins with multiple disulfide bridges. in this stud...

BACKGROUND In Escherichia coli many heterologous proteins are produced in the periplasm. To direct these proteins to the periplasm, they are equipped with an N-terminal signal sequence so that they can traverse the cytoplasmic membrane via the protein-conducting Sec-translocon. For poorly understood reasons, the production of heterologous secretory proteins is often toxic to the cell thereby li...

Carefully controlled hybridization experiments with probes from a cloned serotype 5 M protein (M5) gene (smp5) were performed with DNA isolated from heterologous M types of group A streptococci, and the homologies detected by hybridization were compared with the ability of anti-pepM5 serum to cross-opsonize heterologous M types. As previously reported (J.R. Scott, S.K. Hollingshead, and V.A. Fi...

The expression of functional proteins in heterologous hosts is a cornerstone of modern biotechnology. Unfortunately, proteins are often difficult to express outside their original context. They might contain codons that are rarely used in the desired host, come from organisms that use non-canonical code or contain expression-limiting regulatory elements within their coding sequence. Improvement...

With the advent of our ability to clone and express a foreign gene in the heterologous host, came a remarkable capability to make almost any protein in abundant quantity to be used as therapeutic or diagnostic agents. It quickly led to the realization that proteins made in different hosts are different in many ways, particularly in their post-translation modifications. In this review a variety ...