Anti-idiotype reagents that recognize a common idiotype associated with the combining site of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) were used to manipulate the immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen in BALB/c mice. The injection of antibodies to the idiotype before antigenic stimulation resulted in an increase in the number of cells secreting immunoglobulin M antibodies t...

conclusions vaccination of non-immune individuals against hav infection in high risk groups especially hemophilia and thalassemia patients is recommended. results did not show any differences about seroprevalence of hev among iranian general population. results anti-hav igg antibodies were observed more frequently in thalassemia patients (60/64; 93.8%) than in hemophilia patients (104/155; 67.1...

conclusions the hav seroprevalence of 90.8% in the studied region may be representative of a highly endemic region of hav that does not require a vaccination program to be commissioned. results it was found that 455 out of 501 (90.8%) serum samples, including those of 211 (42.1%) men and 290 (57.9%) women, were positive for hav igg antibody. education level, age, marital status, and ethnicity w...

hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection and its sequelae such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma has remained a serious public health problem throughout the world. the who strategy for effective control of hbv infection and its complications is mass vaccination of neonates and children within the framework of expanded programme on immunization (epi). vaccination with hepatitis b surface antige...

INTRODUCTION HIV and HCV risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDUs) in two urban areas in Pakistan were identified. METHODS From May to June 2003, 351 IDUs recruited in harm-reduction drop-in centers operated by a national non-governmental organization in Lahore (Punjab province) and Quetta (Balochistan province) completed an interviewer-administered survey and were tested for HIV and H...

Chronic hepatitis C can be associated with extrahepatic manifestations; thus, we explored the association of this viral infection with dilated cardiomyopathy in a group of sixty-three patients with a cardiac ejection fraction of less than 40% determined by an echocardiogram in a prospective study. Two of the forty-one patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (4.8%) had serum antibodies to the ...