objective: hashimoto encephalopathy (he) is known as a steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis or nonvascular inflammation-related autoimmune meningoencephalitis. the average age of onset of he is approximately 50 years; and it is more common in women. the onset of he may be acute or subacute. the course of most he cases is relapsing and remitting, which is simi...

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) such as Hashimoto’s disease (HD) and Graves’disease (GD) are archetypes of organ-specific autoimmune disease (Davies et al., 1988; Volpe, 1995). Hashimoto’s disease (HD), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) or chronic autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis was first described by H. Hashimoto in 1912 as struma lymphomatosa (Hashimoto H.,1912). Histological and cytologica...

Acute hypokalemic paralysis is a rare and potentially fatal condition, with few related causes, one of which highlights distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA). Distal renal tubular acidosis is a rare complication of several autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, and Hashimoto thyroiditis. We report a case of a lupic patient who presented rapidly progressive ...

BACKGROUND Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the thyroid gland is a rare malignancy that presents with advanced disease and poor prognosis. METHODS A 75-year-old woman with a history of Hashimoto thyroiditis presented with 6 months of dysphagia and stridor. Imaging revealed a thyroid mass invading the larynx. Primary SCC of the thyroid was diagnosed by histopathologic and immunohistoch...

BACKGROUND Thyroid ultrasonography (US) is the most sensitive method for detecting thyroid nodules, and US-guided aspiration biopsy is the most accurate diagnostic procedure for thyroid nodules. We performed this retrospective study to establish the prevalence of thyroid nodules in Graves' disease and patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis at the time of their initial visit. METHODS We perform...

Estimates of the prevalence of thyroid nodules in children depend on the method of detection, ranging from 1 to 1.5% for detection by palpation to 3% for detection on ultrasound scans. Several risk factors are associated with a higher risk of developing thyroid nodules. These factors include puberty, iodine insufficiency, family history of thyroid disease, thyroid diseases, whether autoimmune (...