Using a new set of micro evidence from an original survey of 28 transition countries, we show that democracy increases citizens’ support for the market by guaranteeing compensating justice to inequality-averse agents. Our identification strategy relies on the restriction of the sample to inhabitants of open borders between formerly integrated countries, where people face the same level of marke...

Welfare Implications of India’s Employment Guarantee Programme with a Wage Payment Delay* We examine the efficacy of a popular anti-poverty programme, namely the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) of the Government of India. We argue that a chronic friction of wage payment delay in this flagship programme could adversely affect the welfare of the poor through two channels. First, i...

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the authors and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. This paper assesses the distributional impact of the recent VAT r...

We explore how immigrant legal status affects safety net transfers using variation from the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), which authorized the largest U.S. amnesty to date. Exploiting the timing and geographic unevenness in intensity of IRCA’s legalization programs, we estimate a sizable effect of permanent residency on Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) transfers. By contrast...

Envelope glycoprotein 2 (E2) of hepatitis C virus contains 18 conserved cysteine (Cys) residues in its ectodomain. By cysteine-alanine mutagenesis and function analysis, six Cys in H77 E2 (C494, C508, C552, C564, C607 and C644) were found to be indispensable for recognition by conformation-dependent mAb H53. Removal of any of these Cys residues did not affect E2 heterodimerization with E1, but ...

We provide a lifecycle framework for comparing the insurance value and the incentive cost of disability bene…ts. We estimate the risks that individuals face and the parameters governing the disability insurance program using longitudinal US data on consumption, health, disability insurance, and wages. We characterize the economic e¤ects of disability insurance and study how policy reforms impac...

This paper examines alternative approaches to wage subsidy programs. It does this in the context of a recent active labour market reform for the young unemployed in Britain. This “New Deal” reform and the characteristics of the target group are examined in detail. We discuss theoretical considerations, survey the existing empirical evidence and propose two strategies for evaluation. The first s...

Minimum income schemes aim at providing citizens with a minimum living standard. In some EU countries, their regulation and provision takes place the subnational level. This is case in Spain, where are heterogeneous complex collection of regional benefits designed implemented level, by Autonomous Communities. June 2020, complementary nationwide scheme was implemented. this context, we use Europ...

inspiration for continued research. He was awarded a medal by the President of Iceland, and was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Tampere. Important achievements have been made by Calle Bengtsson ’ s research concerning women ’ s health. He has clearly shown that women ’ s health is largely determined by different factors than men ’ s health. Specifi cally, this applies, for exam...