the principle of legality is a fundamental principle of criminal law within all statutory legal systems. the principle has been recognized in the iranian legal system which has been influenced by islamic law as well as french law especially since the beginning of the codification era. conversely, in english law which is mainly defined by common law, recently have been taken significant steps to...

This study examines law enforcement dilemmas in child pornography possession investigations in which no offender was arrested. A mail survey of US law enforcement agencies identified a sample of Internet child pornography possession cases where no arrest was made. Telephone surveys with law enforcement investigators were used to collect casespecific data and information on dilemmas in these inv...

In this paper three models of parallel speedup are studied. They are xed-size speedup, xed-time speedup and memory-bounded speedup. The latter two consider the relationship between speedup and problem scalability. Two sets of speedup formulations are derived for these three models. One set considers uneven workload allocation and communication overhead, and gives more accurate estimation. Anoth...

The Bradford distribution is introduced and explained; its ambiguity, arising from two different conceptions, and relationship to the Zipf distribution are discussed. The general situation that might be expected to yield such a distribution is described and shown to fit the interaction between book users and books available for use in a library. Circulation data from a major research library ar...

Until a few decades ago, the police were mainly a reactive bureaucratic organization that moved from one criminal event to the next, according to the degree to which the outside world required its services. Since then the police have abandoned the emphasis on law enforcement with regards to petty crime and public order. More recently the police have developed community policing as an important ...

p1, p2, and p3 all being constants. The same inverse power-law statistical distributions were found in embarrassingly different situations (e.g., [6, 7]). In economics, it was discovered by Pareto [8] over 100 years ago and states that incomes of individuals or firms are inversely proportional to their rank. In less formal words [9], “most success seems to migrate to those people or companies w...

There is a general presumption that the law should be congruent with morality— that is, that the prohibitions and permissions in the law should correspond to the prohibitions and permissions of morality. And indeed in most areas of domestic law, and perhaps especially in the criminal law, the elements of the law do in general derive more or less directly from the requirements of morality. I wil...

This paper examines how the advice that lawyers provide to their clients affects the disclosure of evidence and the outcome of adjudication, and how the adjudicator should allocate the burden of proof in light of these effects. Despite lawyers’ expertise in assessing the evidence, their advice is found to have no effect on adjudication, if the lawyers follow disclosure strategies that are undom...

LW 1200. How Lawyers Think: An Introduction to American Legal Thought. 4 Hours. Introduces students to legal analysis by exploring the history of American legal thought. Perhaps more than any other, American society is governed by lawyers. Explores how innovations in legal theory both emerged from and helped shape policy responses to some of America’s biggest governance challenges, including ec...