background and purpose: fluoride is one of the drinking water contaminants regulated by epa. this ion, in low doses in the mouth reduces tooth decay without health risk and at much higher doses causes health complications and can be toxic. the major sources of exposure to fluoride are drinking water, food, dental products, and pesticides. the biggest contributor to exposure for most people in i...

Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) utilizes the immense renewable storage capacity of the ground as a heat source or sink to provide space heating, cooling, and domestic hot water. GSHP systems are generally comprised of water source heat pumps and ground heat exchangers (GHX). Vertical closed-loop GHX is used predominantly in commercial and institutional applications. Closed loop GHX consists of a...

A long-term study of four degraded streams in the upper Owens River watershed documented the recovery of riparian habitats and significant improvement in channel morphology in response to grazing strategies, recreation management, and pre-irrigation peak flows. Increased control of livestock distribution, timing of forage use and degree of forage utilization on and near stream banks was designe...

A baseflow survey of 41 tributary creeks investigated the tiansport of alrazine, nilrate-nitrom chloride and sulfate in two 5,000 ha Jasper County, Iowa watersbeds. The waterskds comprise a long-tam paired shldy to evaluate the effects of largesale conversion of row nop to prairie in Walnut creek watershed compared to highly agricultural Squaw creek watershed. Discharge and chemical concentrati...

Many thermal solar power plants use thermal oil as heat transfer fluid, and molten salts as thermal energy storage. Oil absorbs energy from sun light, and transfers it to a water-steam cycle across heat exchangers, to be converted into electric energy by means of a turbogenerator, or to be stored in a thermal energy storage system so that it can be later transferred to the water-steam cycle. Th...

The distribution of daily requirement of water in multi-storeyed semi-urban residential buildings in India involves pumping from the ground level to a reservoir at the top, and gravity feed to all levels below. String diagrams bring out the scope for reduction of unnecessary movement of water. A modified storage arrangement is proposed resulting in a small saving in energy required for water di...

Economically optimal operational changes and adaptations for California’s water supply system are examined for a dry form of climate warming (GFDL CM2.1 A2) with year 2050 water demands and land use. Economically adaptive water management for this climate scenario is compared to a similar scenario with the historical climate. The effects of population growth and land use alone are developed for...

The possibility of employing internal wall as mass absorber in rectangular water storage tanks subjected to harmonic ground motion excitation is investigated in this paper. Internal walls are used in these tanks usually for service performance purposes, which could be used as mass absorber to control seismic demand on tank's exterior walls. Derivation of the response of the coupled system inclu...