A dense and homogenous flat wide-bandgap (1.75 eV) CH3NH3PbI2.1Br0.9 perovskite film was prepared via a facile halide exchange route. The planar-heterojunction solar cell shows an optimal power conversion efficiency of 12.67% with negligible current hysteresis due to the film's large grains and vertically oriented grain boundaries.

In response to the growing need for a more accurate micromagnetic model to understand switching phenomenon in nanoscale magnets, we developed the capability to simulate two-dimensional polycrystalline grains using the Object Oriented Micromagnetic Framework (OOMMF). This addition allows users full flexibility in determining the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and axe in each grain as well as the ...

• Many geothermobarometers are based on exchange of chemical components between two phases at equilibrium. Problems: • For rare phases, touching grains may be difficult to find. • Zoning along a mutual grain boundary or exsolution makes unambiguous identification of equilibrium analysis pairs difficult. The Dilemma: A. Rely on very few measurements where petrographic interpretation gives high l...

Effects of agricultural practices on ecosystem carbon storage have acquired widespread concern due to its alleviation of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Recently, combining of furrow-ridge with plastic film mulching in spring maize ecosystem was widely applied to boost crop water productivity in the semiarid regions of China. However, there is still limited information about the potentia...

The origins of spin exchange in crystalline thin films of Copper Octabutoxy Phthalocyanine (Cu-OBPc) are investigated using Magnetic Circular Dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy. These studies are made possible by a solution deposition technique which produces highly ordered films with macroscopic grain sizes suitable for optical studies. For temperatures lower than 2 K, the contribution of a specific...

The remanence of an isotropic nanocrystalline exchange-coupled composite system (comprising hard and soft magnetic phases) is investigated analytically within a simple (onedimensional) micromagnetic model, in which only exchange and anisotropy energies are considered. For a soft grain with size much less than its own Bloch wall width, our analysis shows that the magnetization distribution in th...

In many studies the assumption is made that traders only encounter one type of price risk. In reality, however, traders are exposed to multiple price risks, and often have several relevant derivative instruments available with which to hedge price uncertainty. In this study, commodity, foreign exchange, and freight futures contracts are analyzed for their effectiveness in reducing price uncerta...

Factors controlling closure in the biotite Rb-Sr system were investigated in a detailed study of an amphibolite-facies metacarbonate from the central Swiss Alps. Oxygen isotope data suggest that the rock cooled as a closed system. Calcite-dolomite thermometry temperatures of ;450°C to 500°C and feldspar thermometry temperatures of ;300°C to 400°C provide evidence of extensive Ca-Mg and Na-K exc...

We quantitatively evaluated the effects of elevated concentration of ozone (O3) on growth, leaf chemistry, gas exchange, grain yield, and grain quality relative to carbonfiltered air (CF) by means of meta-analysis of published data. Our database consisted of 53 peer-reviewed studies published between 1980 and 2007, taking into account wheat type, O3 fumigation method, rooting environment, O3 co...