recent advances in life-sustaining treatments and technologies, have given rise to newly-emerged, critical and sometimes, controversial questions regarding different aspects of end-of-life decision-making and care. since religious values are among the most influential factors in these decisions, the present study aimed to examine the islamic scholars' views on end-of-life care. a structured int...

INTRODUCTION The population of the world reached seven billion in 2012. Pakistan's population stands at more than 180 million, is growing rapidly, and has the highest unmet need for family planning (FP) in isolated rural areas. The low usage of contraception in the rural areas of Pakistan correlates with the level of isolation, poverty, illiteracy, and to a large extent, religious misinterpreta...

context: metaparadigm of nursing is one of the nursing discipline challenges of the present century, which should take into consideration the diversity of different cultures and viewpoints. purpose: the purpose of this study is to evolve the concept of “nursing” (one of the concepts in nursing metaparadigm) on the basis of the islamic scholars’ view. materials and methods: in this philosophical...

human as the superior of the creature was more important for pre-socrates, but by emerging socrates this remark become pale because he pointed to be average of human's powers. after many decades, some grand-phipspher such as kierkegaard, nietzsche, martin heidegger and jean-paul sartre entered and they have taken attention to human and established existentialism.this academy spoke about hu...

OBJECTIVE The importance of pediatric research especially in the ethically proven trials resulted in considerable legislative attempts in association with compiling ethical guidelines. Because of children's vulnerability conducting pediatric research raises different ethical issues; the two most important of which are informed consent and risk-benefit assessment. Differences in religious and so...