Today I will present my thoughts on philanthropy as collective sharing. I will first examine the nature of philanthropy, and its relationship with the concept of ownership. In society, philanthropy is born together with private property. There is no need for philanthropy under a system of full public ownership. According to Marxist and Socialist theory, philanthropy is unnecessary and irrelevan...

Railways were the most important infrastructure development in India from 1850 to 1947. They were inter-connected with all aspects of Indian society. In terms of the economy, railways played a major role in integrating markets and increasing trade. Domestic and international economic trends shaped the pace of railway construction and the demand for the important traffic flows to the ports. In t...

One theory argues that state ownership of infrastructure is greater in poor countries because the social returns from investment exceed the private returns by a wider margin. Another theory argues that state ownership is greater when legal and political institutions provide weak enforcement of private property rights or weak limits on government excess. I test these theories using cross-country...