The primary mode of transmission of Helicobacter pylori, a human pathogen carried by more than half the population worldwide, is still unresolved. Some epidemiological data suggest water as a possible transmission route. H. pylori in the environment transforms into a nonculturable, coccoid form, which frequently results in the failure to detect this bacterium in environmental samples by convent...

The generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) for clustered data are studied when covariates aremeasured with error. Themost conventional measurement error models are based on either linear mixed models (LMMs) or GLMMs. Even without the measurement error, the frequentist analysis of LMM, and particularly of GLMM, is computationally difficult. On the other hand, Bayesian analysis of LMM and GLMM i...

Introduction These are (incomplete) course notes about generalised linear mixed models (GLMM). Special emphasis is placed on understanding the underlying structure of a GLMM in order to show that slight modifications of this structure can produce a wide range of models. These include familiar models like regression and ANOVA, but also models with intimidating names: animal models, threshold mod...

Soil seed banks of alien plant species are sources propagules that play a crucial role in population dynamics. Studies on woody for understanding mechanisms their encroachment natural habitats. This study aimed to compare vertical distribution, density and composition formed by native Cornus sanguinea subsp. C. alba, sericea australis the Southern Hemiboreal zone Europe. Five sites each four ta...

Linear mixed-effect models (LMMs) are being increasingly widely used in psychology to analyse multi-level research designs. This feature allows LMMs to address some of the problems identified by Speelman and McGann (2013) about the use of mean data, because they do not average across individual responses. However, recent guidelines for using LMM to analyse skewed reaction time (RT) data collect...

Diagnostic test accuracy studies typically report the number of true positives, false positives, true negatives and false negatives. There usually exists a negative association between the number of true positives and true negatives, because studies that adopt less stringent criterion for declaring a test positive invoke higher sensitivities and lower specificities. A generalized linear mixed m...

To look for evidence of intrafamilial infection, we isolated 107 Helicobacter pylori clones from biopsied specimens taken from both parents and four children. We compared the sequences of two housekeeping genes (hspA and glmM) from these clones with those of 131 unrelated strains from patients living in different geographic regions. Strain relationships within the family were determined by anal...

Introduction Over the last decade, the application of syndromic surveillance systems has expanded beyond early event detection to include longterm disease trend monitoring. However, statistical methods employed for analyzing syndromic data tend to focus on early event detection. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) may be a useful statistical framework for examining long-term disease trends ...