The genotyping of mother-father-child trios is a very useful tool in disease association studies, as trios eliminate population stratification effects and increase the accuracy of haplotype inference. Unfortunately, the use of trios for association studies may reduce power, since it requires the genotyping of three individuals where only four independent haplotypes are involved. We describe her...

Since most common diseases have been shown to be influenced by inherited variations in our genes, completion of the Human Genome Project and mapping of the human genome single-nucleotide polymorphisms will have a tremendous impact on our approach to medicine. New developments in genotyping techniques and bioinformatics, enabling detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, already provide phys...

Many studies on Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei (L. casei) have been carried out using strain ATCC 393 (pLZ15-). Four strains of L. casei ATCC 393T and three of ATCC 393 (pLZ15-) were compared using phenotypic methods and many of the available genotyping techniques. These tests showed that strains of ATCC 393T obtained from independent public type-culture collections were significantly differe...

Despite ongoing efforts, neither effective treatments nor mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis of human neuropathic pain exists. Genetic association studies may point to the novel molecules that mediate neuropathic pain, facilitating its understanding and management. Several studies used a candidate gene approach to elucidate genetic contribution to neuropathic pain phenotypes; however...

BACKGROUND Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a prospective risk assessment tool that has been widely used within the aerospace and automotive industries and has been utilised within healthcare since the early 1990s. The aim of this study was to explore the validity of FMEA outputs within a hospital setting in the United Kingdom. METHODS Two multidisciplinary teams each conducted an ...

Rotavirus is the main global cause of severe childhood diarrhoea among children. In 2006, Rotarix® (G1P[8]) was introduced into Brazil's National Immunization Program. The vaccine coverage rate was 84.4% in 2009. Evidences of increasing G2P[4] after 2006 opened up the discussion about the vaccine effectiveness to non-G1 strains. The aim of this study was to identify the circulating rotavirus ge...

Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a major cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in children worldwide. Rotavirus G and P genotyping is essential for epidemiological surveillance and for better formulation of candidate rotavirus vaccines. Out of 862 diarrheal stool samples collected from hospitalized children aged < 2 years during February 2005 - March 2007, 318 (36.9%) were positive for rotavirus by ...

Environmental pollution with human and domestic-animal fecal material is recognized as a potential pathogen pathway for wildlife infections with zooanthropomorphic protozoan parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. In this article, we review current knowledge about the diversity of free-living and captive terrestrial and marine mammalian wildlife species infected with Giardia and Cryptosp...

In order to improve the identification of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains, an extensive characterization of 1,491 E. coli isolates was conducted, based on serotyping, virulence genotyping, and experimental pathogenicity for chickens. The isolates originated from lesions of avian colibacillosis (n = 1,307) or from the intestines of healthy animals (n = 184) from France, Spain, a...

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have enabled genome re-sequencing for exploring genome-wide polymorphisms among individuals, as well as targeted re-sequencing for the rapid and simultaneous detection of polymorphisms in genes associated with various biological functions. Therefore, a simple and robust method for targeted re-sequencing should facilitate genotyping in a wide range o...