this research aims to understand mother’s and girl’s expectations from their spouses, and shows the difference between these two generation’s expectations. along this, by using qualitative approach and deep semi-structured interview, we studied the expectations difference among 14 mothers and 14 girls resided at tehran city’s fifth region (area).results from the research showed that women’s exp...

Many industrial products consist of multiple components that are necessary for system operation. There is an abundance of literature on modeling the lifetime of such components through competing risks models. During the life-cycle of a product, it is common for there to be incremental design changes to improve reliability, to reduce costs, or due to changes in availability of certain part numbe...

The paper describes the comparison of three evolutionary algorithms for solving combinatorial optimization problems. In particular, a generational, a steady-state and a cellular genetic algorithm were applied to the maximum cut problem, the error correcting code design problem, and the minimum tardy task problem. The results obtained in this work are better than the ones previously reported in ...

Defining the contributions of dispersal, reproductive mode, and mating system to the population structure of a pathogenic organism is essential to estimating its evolutionary potential. After introduction of the devastating plant pathogen, Phytophthora capsici, into a grower's field, a lack of aerial spore dispersal restricts migration. Once established, coexistence of both mating types results...

The extent of and changes in inter-generational mobility of wealth are central to understanding dynamics of wealth inequality but hard to measure. Using estate tax returns data, we observe that the share of women among the very wealthy (top 0.01%) in the United States peaked in the late 1960s, reaching almost 50%. Three decades on, women’s share had declined to one third, a return to pre-war le...