This work reports on the hysteresis behavior and an initial baseline drift of printed strain gauges embedded in organic coating layers on sheet steel that we recently introduced. We subsequently investigated the performance over an extended period of time, which revealed interesting and partially unexpected material properties of printed strain gauges made from silver and carbon. Both silverand...

As in the case of the other gauge field theories, there is so called “gauge” also in general relativity. This “gauge” is unphysical degree of freedom. There are two kinds of “gauges” in general relativity. These are called the firstand the second-kind of gauges, respectively. The gauge of the first kind is just coordinate system on a single manifold. On the other hand, the gauge of the second k...

A comprehensive study on the electromechanical behavior of nanoparticle-based resistive strain gauges in action through normal and grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/GISAXS) investigations is presented. The strain gauges were fabricated from arrays of colloidal gold nanoparticle (NP) wires assembled on flexible polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide substrates by convective ...

Vacuum technology is one of the established advanced technologies, of present age, in the field of research and industry. Having numerous applications, in the areas of human activities, one is concerned with a relatively large vacuum chamber where pressure distribution is, usually, not uniform during dynamic gas flow. To minimize the pressure non-uniformities in such chambers, baffles are gener...

The WMO Laboratory Intercomparison of Rainfall Intensity (RI) Gauges described in a companion paper was the very first attempt at understanding the performances of various types of rainfall intensity gauges in controlled laboratory conditions, and provided quantitative information regarding various errors associated with RI measurements. The conclusions report that all instruments analyzed were...

Binding energy of the 1 − state (ortho-positronium) in QED is calculated using the one-photon exchange Bethe-Salpeter equation in the Feynman and Coulomb gauges for different coupling constants α. Calculations show there is a remarkable difference in values of the binding energy for different coupling constants in these two gauges.

Strain gauges are widely applied to measure mechanical deformation of structures and specimens. While metallic foil gauges usually have a gauge factor slightly over 2, single crystalline silicon demonstrates intrinsic gauge factors as high as 200. Although silicon is an intrinsically stiff and brittle material, flexible and even stretchable strain gauges have been achieved by integrating thin s...

We present a special constraint structure that possesses both reducable and chain structure. Using our constraint structure, we show that the number of required gauge fixing conditions is just equal to the number of chains and the remaining requirements follow from consistency conditions. Electrodynamics and Yang-Mills theories are discussed as examples. e-mail address: [email protected] e-m...

The purpose of this paper is to present a generalized hole argument for gauge field theories and their geometrical setting in terms of fiber bundles. The generalized hole argument is motivated and extended from the spacetime hole arguments which appear in spacetime theories based on differentiable manifolds such as general relativity. Analogously, the generalized hole argument rules out fiber b...

For simplicity, we use the following convention: i, i1, i2, j, j1, j2, k, m, n, t denote natural numbers, D denotes a non empty subset of E2 T, E denotes a compact non vertical non horizontal subset of E2 T, C denotes a compact connected non vertical non horizontal subset of E2 T, G denotes a Go-board, p, q, x denote points of E2 T, and r, s denote real numbers. The following propositions are t...