Remote sensing allows for the continuous and repetitive measurement of rainfall values. Satellite rainfall products such as Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) 3B42 and the Hydroestimator (Hydroe) can be potential sources of data for hydrologic applications, mainly in areas with irregular and sparse spatial distributions of traditional rain gauge stations. However, the accuracy of thes...

Snow cover is one of the most important variables affecting agriculture, hydrology, and climate, but detailed measurements are not widely available. Therefore, the effectiveness and validity of snow schemes in general circulation models have been difficult to assess. Using long-term snow cover data from the former Soviet Union, this paper focuses on the validation of the snow submodel in the Bi...

The tsunami source of the 2016 Fukushima Earthquake, which was generated by a normal faulting earthquake mech‐ anism, is estimated by inverting the tsunami waveforms that were recorded by seven tide gauge stations and two wave gauge stations along the north Pacific coast of Japan. Two fault models based on different available moment tensor solutions were employed, and their locations were const...

Radar altimetry is now commonly used for the monitoring of water levels in large river basins. In this study, an altimetry-based network of virtual stations was defined in the quasi ungauged Ogooué river basin, located in Gabon, Central Africa, using data from seven altimetry missions (Jason-2 and 3, ERS-2, ENVISAT, Cryosat-2, SARAL, Sentinel-3A) from 1995 to 2017. The performance of the five l...

introduction there are significant differences in the spatial distribution of the iran annual precipitation. this is resulted from spatial behavior of precipitation in the one hand and variation in the sources of precipitation on the other. the lack of adequate distribution of meteorological stations and the unavailability of long-term statistics of precipitation makes the analysis of precipita...

Abstract Meteorological observations provide essential data for weather forecasting and climate change studies. Whether the measured can accurately support such applications closely relates to representativeness of collected, which depends on both scale observation density measurement network. Precipitation presents in form events is discontinuous time space. Gauge precipitation could fundament...